OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Objectives are desired learning outcomes that can be realized from participation in a sound physical education program. The four traditional objectives of physical education are physical or organic development, neuromuscular or motor development, cognitive development, and social-emotional-affective development. Traditionally the objectives of physical education have been defined in terms of school programs and school-aged populations. The broadening and expansion of the scope of physical education and sport has made it necessary to develop objectives for people of all ages and all types of programs. This is imperative. As Zeigler stated:
The profession has a responsibility to function and serve through the entire lives of people, not just when they are children and young people in schools and colleges. This means we should serve both boys and girls and men and women of all ages who are “special,” “normal,” and “accelerated.”
This can be carried out throughout the lifespan by both public and private agencies, as well as by families and individuals in their own ways. To assume lifetime responsibility would permit us to enlarge the scope-the breadth and the depth-of our profession’s outlook.
The implications for practitioners are clear. Objectives must be relevant to the population served and the type of program in which the participant is involved: they must be responsive to the needs of the individual. For example, one objective for an elementary school child in a physical education class may be to develop fundamental motor skills, such as running, skipping, and hopping. One objective for an adult participant in a corporate fitness program may be to improve health through participation in a regular program of exercise, adoption of sound nutritional practices, elimination of bad habits, and the use of stress management techniques. Finally, an elderly individual, participating in a community fitness program for senior citizens, may receive help from the practitioner in reaching his or her objective of increased flexibility through participation in an exercise program.
The four objectives of physical education contribute to the growth of well-rounded individuals who will become worthy members of society. While statements as to the objectives of physical education may differ in wording, they typically can be incorporated into the four groupings physical, neuromuscular, cognitive, and social-emotional-affective. The next section of the text will more fully discuss each of the four traditional objectives of physical education. 스포츠중계
Physical Development Objective
The objective of physical development deals with the program of activities that build physical power in an individual by developing the various organic systems of the body. It results in the ability to sustain adaptive effort, the ability to recover, and the ability to resist fatigue. The value of this objective is based on the fact that an individual will be more active, have better performance, and be healthier if the organic systems of the body are adequately developed and functioning properly.
With vigorous muscular activity several beneficial results take place. The trained heart provides better nourishment to the entire body. The trained heart beats slower than the untrained heart and pumps more blood per stroke, with the result that more food is delivered to the cells and waste products are removed more efficiently.
Chairman, points out that the various aspects of health-related fitness-cardiovascular function, body composition, strength (especially abdominal), and flexibility-represent basic elements essential to proper physiological functioning. Research and clinical practice support the fact that these components can improve the quality of life for those individuals who develop them to optimum levels. 무료스포츠중계
Neuromuscular Development Objective
The neuromuscular objective also has implications for the health and recreational outcomes of the program. The skills that persons acquire will help to deter mine how their leisure time will be spent. If a person excels in swimming, much leisure time may be spent in a pool, a lake, or another body of water. If the person excels in tennis, he or she may be found frequently on the courts. Physical educators should develop in all individuals an understanding and appreciation of human movement and their unique movement potentialities.
When considering the value to young people who are in school of having in their possession fundamental skills that will afford them much satisfaction and happiness throughout life, it is important to consider the balance that should exist in any physical education program between team sports and dual and individual, or lifetime, sports. Team sports such as football, basketball, and baseball perform a great service in providing an opportunity for students to develop physical power and enjoy exhilarating competition. However, in many school programs of physical education they dominate the curriculum at the expense of various individual and dual sports, such as tennis, swimming, badminton, handball, and golf. In such cases the students are being deprived of the opportunity for developing skills in activities that they can participate in throughout their adult lives.
Physical educators can and should be proud of the contribution they make to humanity. It is with-in their power to help many persons learn physical skills and thus help them to lead healthier, happier, and more worth while and productive lives. The world is a better place in which to live as a result of their work because physical skill has value. 해외스포츠중계
Social Affective Development Objectives
that Another aspect of the social objective of physical education being recognized is the need for each person to develop an appropriate self-concept. Participants need to develop wholesome attitudes toward themselves as maturing persons. During the various stages of physical growth through which young people go, they are often accepted or rejected by their classmates because of their physical characteristics. It is therefore important for individuals to develop themselves physically, not only for reasons of their own self-awareness, but also because of the implications that their physique and physical skills have for their social image.
In a democratic society it is necessary for all individuals to develop a sense of group consciousness and cooperative living. This should be one of the most important objectives of the program.
Therefore in various play activities the following factors should be stressed: aid for the less skilled and weaker players, respect for the rights of others, subordination of one’s desires to the will of the group, and realization of cooperative living as essential to the success of society. Individuals should be made to feel that they belong to the group and have the responsibility of directing their actions in its behalf. The rules of sportsmanship should be developed and practiced in all activities offered in the program. Qualities such as courtesy, sympathy, truthfulness, fairness, honesty, respect for authority, and abiding by the rules will help considerably in the promotion of social efficiency The necessity of good leadership and followership should also be stressed as important to the interests of society.
Members of the physical education profession should be concerned with helping young people to clarify and think through their value judgments, appreciations, and attitudes. Although physical educators should not indoctrinate students with their own value systems, much can be done to motivate boys and girls to analyze and assess their own values and attitudes.
Objective for school Programs of physical Education
With the current educational emphasis on lifelong learning and the objective of active participation in physical education activities throughout the lifespan, it is important that school physical education programs teach their participants not only the skills and concepts of physical education but how to learn as well. As Mancuso aptly states:
When a boy or girl becomes mathematically educated, he or she has taken fundamental courses in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus. When he or she becomes science educated, experiences have been provided in general science, biology, physics, chemistry, and the other sciences.
Physical education is to establish standards in regard to skills, knowledge, attitudes, and social attributes for the various educational levels, the mastery of which will result in a student being physically educated. When this job has been accomplished, the profession will have taken a forward step in establishing itself as a more important part of the educational program.
No learning content, however strong, lasts a lifetime. Since knowledge doubles every five years, the need for individuals to be self-educative is apparent. Physical educators must recognize that as we enter the information age, the process of physical education may be as important as the content. By emphasizing the process, we can teach students how to learn… this is essentially what education is about-providing basic tools to enable consumers to become self-educative throughout their lives.
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